Hemp Cultivation in China - 42289 Words

International Hemp Association Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivation in the Tai an District of Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China Robert C. Clarke Naturetex International B.V. Van Diemenstraat 192 1013 CP Amsterdam The Netherlands Clarke, R.C. 1995. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivation in the Tai an District of Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China. Journal of the International Hemp Association 2(2): 57, 60-65. This paper summarizes the history of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivation and traditional use in the Tai an District of Shandong Province in the People s Republic of China, and investigates the cultivation and processing techniques currently being employed to produce hemp ribbon and hemp seed. Recent†¦show more content†¦We are planning to have our membership list ready in early 1996, so if you want to be included, please renew your membership soon. Remember, you must join at the Sustaining/Business level of US$ 100 to be included in the directory under your business or organization name. We have continued our policy of active participation in both the hemp domain directly and at events that overlap these concerns. Examples of these efforts include the following. ---Textile Forum magazine, published by the European Textiles Network, devoted most of their June issue to hemp and derived much of their information from the IHA. If you haven t seen it, you can order a copy from the IHA bookstore. It’s a beautifully done issue, with nice color plates. ---The IHA has been invited to join the FAO hemp/flax network and our journal received a favorable review in the June 1995 issue of its periodical, Euroflax Newsletter. ---The first two issues (1994) of the JIHA can now be found on the Internet at . An IHA member was kind enough to set us up on his web site, free of charge. We hope to establish our own site in 1996. ---We will soon be offering a Cannabis Information Kit for educators (see page 108). This was put together by our Projects Manager, Rob Clarke, and is a mixed media resource, including slides and actual examples of hemp products. ---The IHA was also plea sed to contribute technical advice to the Colorado Industrial Hemp Act strategists on their efforts for 1996. ---In 1995, we suppliedShow MoreRelatedA Proposition For The Legalization Of Hemp1271 Words   |  6 Pagesfor the legalization of hemp in the United States Industrial hemp is a species of the Cannabis Sativa plant rich in resources that has been used in civilizations dating back to a time before written history. The cultivation of hemp is a controversial topic that has been given a bad reputation in the United States over the past century because of the psychoactive properties contained in the flowers of some varieties of the Cannabis Sativa plant. The controversy surrounding hemp dates back to 1930 whenRead MoreEssay on Industrial Hemp for the Future1622 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrial Hemp is an ancient crop, which has a multitude of diverse uses. The earliest uses of Hemp can be traced back to the Sumerians and probably even earlier in man’s unrecorded history. Industrial Hemp is not Marijuana though the two plants are of the same family and have passing resemblance to one another. Industrial Hemp’s myriad uses are being rediscovered and at the forefront of research in diverse fields. I will be attempting to dispel so me of the myth, and providing history and provenRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana758 Words   |  4 PagesSativa. Other names for the plant exist throughout the world. In Africa, Marijuana is known as dagga, in China as ma, in Northern Europe as hemp and in the United States as either pot, buds, reefer, weed or the more direct, smoke. Marijuana goes back over five thousand years. It is one of the oldest agricultural commodities not grown for food. Hemp, first cultivated in China as early as 2800 B.C., soon stretched to central Asia where it spread like milkweed or thistle. MarijuanaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1602 Words   |  7 Pagesstatus quo that the growth, possession and use of marijuana is criminal despite the evidence that the legalization of marijuana would have a positive influence on America. In this paper I will discuss the history of marijuana, the industrial uses of hemp, the prohibition of marijuana, the economical impact prohibition has on America, the effects of marijuana use on the mind and the body, marijuana for medical use, and how legalization of marijuana would have a positive influence on America. AlthoughRead MoreIndustrial Hemp1004 Words   |  5 PagesLegalize Industrial Hemp General Purpose: To inform the class on why industrial hemp is illegal and the benefits of legalizing industrial hemp. Specific Purpose: To provide my audience with a better understanding of how useful industrial hemp could be for the economy. Central Idea: Due to the war on drugs, hemp production is severely limited; however, with the proper legalization and regulation of this plant the U.S. economy would prosper due to job creation and the environment would benefitRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 Pagesour health throughout the medical field and throughout our own well being, and would help our fight with the war on drugs and our overcrowded prisons. Marijuana has a pretty broad history throughout not only the United States, but also throughout China, Mexico, Europe, and many other countries throughout the world. According to Cannabis Now magazine, it is believed that marijuana reached North America with Christopher Columbus in 1492 A.D. and initially was only used to make industrial goods andRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuan Marijuana1743 Words   |  7 Pages Marijuana (cannabis, hemp, or hash) has been argued upon amongst the United States for over fifty years. As well its various functions, both therapeutic and in trade, our government insists on preserving the status quo that the development, possession and use of marijuana is criminal despite the evidence that the legalization of marijuana would have a positive influence on America. In this paper I will talk about the history of marijuana, the industrial uses of hemp, the ban of marijuana,Read MoreThe Potential Rebound Of Hemp1840 Words   |  8 PagesRebound of Hemp in Agriculture Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an ancient crop, and one of the oldest domesticated plants known to man, traditionally valued for its tough bast fibres as well as its medicinal properties. Though it is related to commonly known marijuana, typically ingested to achieve a high in the user, hemp has extremely low concentrations of the active chemical in marijuana, THC, and is thus not deserving of the cultivation ban it has endured as a result of this relation. Hemp has in theRead MoreThe Marijuana Growers Guide9909 Words   |  40 Pages [2.4] Cannabis Chemotypes [2.5] Before Cultivation Begins [3] Choosing Seeds [3.2] Cannabis Life Cycle [3.3] Photoperiod and Flowering [3.4] Inherent Variations in Potency [3.5] Cultivation: Indoors or Outdoors? [3.6] Indoor Gardening IntroductionRead MoreThe Failure of Californias Proposition 19694 Words   |  3 PagesCannabis, also known as Marijuana, has been used by humans throughout history for medical, recreational, as well as spiritual purposes. Its fiber, oil, and seed are also refined into products such as hemp oil, wax, rope, cloth, and paper (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2013, para. 1). With 56% voters overwhelming supported for medical cannabis, California became the first state in the United States to pass Prop 215 in 1996 ensuring the patients and their primary caregivers to â€Å"have the right to

Industrial Revolution Essay - 1643 Words

The industrialization of Europe resulted in widespread changes within society. French revolutionaries of all factions were aware that the whole of social life was infused with ideological significance, and were therefore determined to restructure society from top to bottom and across the board. R.G Collingwood argues that some social changes that were felt during this period of time included changes to class structure, the working class, family dynamics, women’s role, and even the lower to middle class. On the topic of social changes, he says that, â€Å"the industrial revolution had far reaching social consequences, which varied across class and regions. Between the late 18th and early 20th centuries, new family and class structures emerged to†¦show more content†¦Thus two interlinked aspects of work experience transformed were the notion of time and the idea of work discipline. E.P. Thompson explains this was because changes in manufacture now demanded greater sync hronization of labor and greater exactitude in time routines, simply because time was money in the new wage economy. The last important change that came from the Industrial revolution can be seen in work specialization. More and more workers performed more minuet and tedious tasks that consequently led to better efficiency for the factory. Unfortunately though the specialization that led to greater efficiency only allowed for an inadequate sense of accomplishment for the workers. This was because the worker would repeat a task day after day, week after week therefore they felt as if they were inconsequential to the greater picture at hand. Specialization of work, the new discipline, rigorous time schedules and low wages all contributed to a feeling of alienation for the worker, from his work and employer.4 The impact that this revolution had on the elites and bourgeoisie was a very interesting conundrum that needs to be investigated as well. According to Marvin Perry the forward movement in technology led to an enormous growth in the types of people that encompassed the middle, bourgeoisie class. Now we saw entrepreneur’s professional-lawyers, notaries,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Industrial Revolution1489 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironment. Industrial revolution was so fundamental that it’s often compared with the transition from farming to stock raising, which began several thousand years before the birth of Christ. Considering the uses of natural resources, can human history be dived up into three pieces of varying length; hundreds of thousands years before â€Å"the agricultural revolution†, thousands of years between this and the Industrial revolution and the two hundreds years after the beginning of Industrial revolution. BeforeRead More Industrial Revolution Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pageshuman culture since the advent of agriculture eight or ten thousand years ago, was the industrial revolution of eighteenth century Europe. The consequences of this revolution would change irrevocably human labor, consumption, family structure, social structure, and even the very soul and thoughts of the individual. This revolution involved more than technology; to be sure, there had been industrial quot;revolutionsquot; throughout European history and non-European history. In Europe, for instanceRead MoreEssay on Industrial Revolution1279 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution Europe during the eighteenth century was at the height of the industrial revolution, none of which reached America. In New England the population was largely English, but America as a whole had more than 20 ethnic strains present, nowhere in Europe could such a heterogeneous mixture be found. America was unique in its political structure. Americans vested authority in personalities, rather than, as in England, in institutions of tradition. As a people they had been stripedRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay734 Words   |  3 PagesDue to the Industrial Revolution, many changes started occurring in this new era such as the factories began to use more mechanics, limiting skill needed to produce products as well as hastening the harvesting of raw materials. Secondarily there was a huge standard of living and wage drop in cities due to urbanization which occurred after the factories created an abundance of jobs. Also, there was a huge shift in the population and there was a massive pop ulation growth due to the excess food andRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Industrial Revolution During the 1800s, phenomenal changes took place in America. These changes would impact our society incredibly for years to come and even still in the present. The major changes that took place were in transportation and industry. American society expanded so much in the early 1800s that it very well could have been the only time in history where this happened in such a short amount of time. From steamboats to railroads and from textile mills to interchangeable partsRead MoreEssay on Industrial Revolution729 Words   |  3 Pages How Did The Industrial Revolution Affect A Person’s Quality of Life? One’s quality of life is defined as the degree of well-being felt by a person or a group of persons. It is concerned with a citizen’s consumption of goods and services, human rights and the environment. The industrial revolution have produced great wealth to many citizens that influences their state of well being. Others may argue that the changes and advancements in society have brought the burden of scarce resources, diseasesRead More industrial revolution Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagespart of the 18th century, a new revolution gripped the world that we were not ready for (Perry, 510). This revolution was not a political one, but it would lead to many implications later in its existence (Perry, 510). Neither was this a social or Cultural Revolution, but an economic one (Perry, 510). The Industrial revolution, as historians call it, began the modern world. It began the world we live in today and our way of life in that world. It is called a revolution because the chan ges it made wereRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe Industrial Revolution Introduction to the Revolution The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change marked by the general introduction of power-driven machinery. This change generally helped life, but it had its disadvantages as well. Pollution, such as Carbon Dioxide levels in the atmosphere rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music, architecture and mans way of looking at life allRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Industrial Revolution The Agriculture Revolution was a time when people worked the land by using simple hand tools. By the 1800’s, most people in Western Europe and the United States lived on farms. The nation’s economy was based on farming and the making of goods by hand and trading. They lived in rural areas in little cottages lit with firelight and candles. They made their own clothes and grew their own food. The system of making your own clothes was called the putting out systemRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesConditions of laborers and the role of women in society has been constantly evolving over the course of history. However, these two major groups experienced the most drastic alterations during the Industrial Revolution. Between the 19th and early 20th centuries, laborers diversified in age, while labor conditions declined. During this same time period, the role of women was reinvented as females searched for work and changed their role within the family. To begin, industrialization was the instigator

What are the business and managerial issues associated with the idea PowerPoint Presentation

Essays on What are the business and managerial issues associated with the idea PowerPoint Presentation The Revolutionary Refrigerator About Technology advancement brought us the brand new refrigerator. Users will experience a fresh way to operate a refrigerator differs from the past. We added a computing system into the fridge. New functions are anti-expiring system, auto sorting, transparent doors etc. The appearance: Technically, the form of our fridge has not much difference from the old ones, a door with 2 storing cabinets. However, the smart computing system is the heart of our product. Apart from that, the fridge has few stunning functions. The Smart system: Prevent food from expiring Users just need to simply scan the barcode on package via the screen, after that, the screen will display the expired date of food for users to confirm and the system will store the data. Users will be reminded 5 days in advance before the food expired. With this function, users will be more alerted to expired food. Food List: As mentioned above, our system can store data from scanning barcodes. It means the system can show exactly what products are storing inside on the screen. From now on, users just need to put some taps on the screen in order to know what they got in the fridge. Doors which can go transparent: Everyone knows that keep opening the fridge doors cost precious energy and money. So we definitely can make the doors goes transparent on your decision. Technically, we use a special glass substance which can change from opaque to transparent. Users can view the interior by just pressing a button on the screen. Why we have this idea? Most innovative products are user friendly and helpful. As everyone is demanding more convenience, we know we should aim at creating a new product which deeply related to our daily lives – a smart refrigerator sounds good. Convenient and user friendly are our first priority in designing the smart fridge. In fact, we have this idea because of what customers expected us to change. We bet everyone must get at least a fridge at home, so the market of smart fridge is fruitful. Moreover, not much innovation about fridge came up recently and we think it has potential to develop. That is why we target on fridge but not others. Advantages: 1: Your refrigerator can keep track of food expiration dates and act as a family message center via a built-in screen. Fridge will remind customer to take out the garbage 2: The transparent appearance of the fridges is attractive, special and unique. 3: The food date can be extended by the smart fridge. 4: it would entertain people who use the smart fridge, because they can listen to a lovely music or news during the cooking time. 5: The weather could always be display or family photos. 6: The fridge’s image processing can be aware what of products are put inside it and the LCD panel will display and interaction with the user. 7: Based the contents on your refrigerator, the smart refrigerator will be able to make recipe suggestions.   8: The Smart Refrigerator will be able to know if you are running low on certain items and be able to prepopulate a shopping list for you Disadvantages: 1: It might be costs to install many components into the fridge. As a result, it will become expensive when consumers purchase it. 2: it might be difficult for some people to use this smart fridge. For example elderly people who are unable to use it. 3: It is too complicated to learn and it might waste of consumer’s time to learn about the new smart fridge. 4: it might waste of electricity and other energies. 5: it would have more competitors. Business and Managerial Issues of the idea The first business aspect to consider is the demand for such an innovative product. This demand needs to be determined in quantitative terms so as to understand the feasibility of manufacturing and marketing it. Detailed market and trade research needs to be conducted (Jolly 2005). Furthermore, the location of this demand needs to be determined for selecting the markets in which this product should be made available or distributed. Creating the prototype of this product is an expensive idea, which shows that the actual product will be also carry a higher price tag. This product will most likely be manufactured in China or Korea so the mechanics of the requisition need to be established. All of these imply complicated costing (of production) for which adequate funds will be needed and should be available before kick-starting the project. On the product side, given high rate of obsolescence of the product (Mohr, Sengupta Slater 2009), constant investment will need to be made to keep the product technologically updated and competitive. Patenting and registering intellectual property rights should be expedited to safeguard the business idea. Consumer analysis is also a very important business factor that needs to be conducted at the outset. The demographics, buying behaviors, likes and preferences will have to be studied. Management will need to have strong leadership in place who can lead this innovative product initiative. The management will have financial know how and accounting background so that they can constantly monitor the financial issues associated with the product. Management will also have marketing acumen to increase the marketability of the refrigerator and satisfy the customer. Finally, the management will identify all stakeholders through detailed analysis so that they can preempt any issues that might come up later as such as with government agencies, communities, suppliers, customs officials and tax departments. References Mohr J, Sengupta, S Slater, SF 2009, Marketing of High-Technology Products and Innovations, 3rd ed, Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ Jolly, A, 2005, From idea to profit: how to market innovative products and services, Kogan Page Contributors, UK

Business Brief for Health Insurance- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Brief for Health Insurance. Answer: Health Care The healthcare is known to provide services to the individuals of the community who suffer from preventive, curative or rehabilitative diseases. As compared to other countries of the globe, the United States has the achievement of having the biggest healthcare industry with an annual spending of $3 trillion. It is expected that by 2018, the industry would be about 18% f the GDP of the country (Stoakes, 2015). While economic progress leads to improvement of the healthcare industry, economic turndown leads to a reduction of services and downsizing in budgets. As a result of destabilisation of the nursing labour market, there are shortages beyond the recessionary time frame. Health insurance is a part of the healthcare industry where the countrys economy makes a mark. Increased unemployment leads to reduced health coverage for individuals. The performance of the country in 2016 was not up to the mark, characterised by rolling off of drug patents and drop in revenues and earnings. The decline in the sector was 7.1% (Ameritrade, 2017). 2017 promises to be better than the previous year as the economic planning is solid. For example, the 61 shares in the category of Standard Poor's 500 healthcare industries have increased by 8.9% in 2017 (Shell, 2017). In addition, there is an increased demand for advanced healthcare services, due to increase in ageing population and strong employment. The improvement is also due to improvement in the P/E ratio at 43.71 this year (Financial Times, 2017). Researchers expect that the recent growth in the healthcare sector would continue in the next year. The rationale can be attributed to enhanced demand for services, ageing population and increasing prevalence of medical conditions such as obesity (Ameritrade, 2017). Employment creation and strong financial conditions would change dividend payments, mergers, and acquisitions. Nevertheless, fluctuations might be possible due to various factors. Paraphrased Summary The United States of America is prominent on the global scale for having the biggest healthcare industry. The countrys industry treats people with diverse forms of medical complications such as preventive and curative diseases. The annual spending is $3 trillion and 18% of the GDP of the country would come from this industry in 2018 (Stoakes, 2015). There is a direct positive relationship between economic progress and improvement if this industry, while economic downturn reduces the services. Sever shortage of nursing staff beyond the recessionary period is a result of destabilisation of the same. Health insurance is dependent on the countrys economy, and thus employment deters health coverage of many individuals (Ameritrade, 2017). The year 2016 saw a very poor performance of the health sector of the country when compared to the last few years. The pharmaceutical companies struggled to combat revenue and earning decrease due to increased scrutiny of drug prices. The present year has robust balance sheets and better cost structures that would promote the economic scenario. An example is the increase of 61 shares in the category of Standard Poor's 500 healthcare industries by 8.95 in the present year (Shell, 2017). It is to be mentioned in here that the demand for healthcare services is increasing with each passing day. This is a result fo the improvement in the P/E ratio, standing at 43.71 in the present year (Financial Times, 2017). The growth experienced recently would drag till the next year. The reasons for this assumption include demand for services, the high prevalence of obesity and ageing population. Employement would also amplify services such as the dividend payments. Drug pricing and affordable care alteration would lead to changes in stocks (Ameritrade, 2017).

A Study On Child Observation And Game Essay Example For Students

A Study On Child Observation And Game Essay Child Observation and Game While thinking about this assignment many ideas popped into my head about what I could teach however, I wanted to conduct a study that was not only fun and exciting but also educational and beneficial to the future of this child. When it came to choosing a target audience, I wanted to work with someone that was around the age that I want to teach. My son fit perfectly into that category. Initially it was my goal to observe him conducting two activities, these activities were chosen based on their ability to pique the interests of a 4 year old. During the observation phase of the study, I planned to explore the different theorists that we had learned about in class and put my knowledge to test. I used Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson do analyze their cognitive abilities. I also wanted to explore Kohlberg’s Moral Reasoning Theory. Throughout this process I wanted to discover where he was cognitively and morally. My 4 year old son, Joseph was my main man for this assignment. He is a very brilliant child, who absolutely loves to learn anything new. He has just started pre-kindergarten this year and his brain is like a sponge, constantly absorbing new material that he learns in school. I chose to work with my son because this is the same age that I thought I would be interested in teaching. I have always loved young children and watching them learn new things. While thinking of things to teach Joseph, it became quite the process for me. I wanted him to educationally grow, while keeping it fun, exciting and introducing him to something new at the same time. In my family, we are quite competitive and love spending time together. Joseph is now at an age where we can start experimenting with different games. Th. .g catered to, to where everything is all about them. So it is only natural for them to be egocentric at this age. It will be my job as a teacher and a parent to teach these children how to think about other people in this world and go from a pre-conventional thought process to a conventional one. As a teacher to make sure that every child might be on a different level cognitively and socially. Children at this age will just be learning about moral reasoning, realizing the world does not revolve around them. I will constantly need to strive to make sure I am pushing children to their Zone of Proximal Development, and if they are not there I need to figure out how to get them there by scaffolding them. Each child will be a unique individual and it will be my goal as a teacher to help them reach their full potential, while making sure they are not being pushed too far.

Synthesis of Certain Derivatives of Schiffbases of Isoniazid and Its in-Vitro Assay Against Tuberculosis - Multi and Extremely Drug Resistance Strains free essay sample

Microbiological Studies A definitive diagnosis of tuberculosis can only be made my culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms from a specimen taken from the patient (Most often sputum, but may also include pus, cerebero spinal fluid (CSF)), biopsied tissue, etc. Sputum smears and cultures should be done for acid-fast bacilli. The preferred method for the identification is fluorescence microscopy which is more sensitive than conventional Ziehl- Neelson staining denoted by Steingart et al. , 2006 6. If sputum is not produced, specimens can be obtained by gastric washings, an laryngeal swab, bronchoscopy with broncho alveolar lavage or fine needle aspiration of a collection. A comparative study found that inducing three sputum samples is more sensitive than three gastric washings. Many types of culture media are available. Traditionally Lowenstein –Jensen (LJ), Kirchner or Middle Brook media (7H9, 7H10, 7H11 and 7H12) are used for cultivating of Mycobacterial species. A culture of the acid-fast bacilli distinguishes the various forms of Mycobacteria. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Certain Derivatives of Schiffbases of Isoniazid and Its in-Vitro Assay Against Tuberculosis Multi and Extremely Drug Resistance Strains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New automated systems that are faster include BACTEC 460 TB, BACTEC 9000 and the Mycobacterial growth Indicator tube (MGIT). The microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay (MODS) culture may be faster and more accurate method. Drugs Used In Tuberculosis in the current scenario Active tuberculosis will kill about two of every three people affected if left untreated. Treated tuberculosis if taken up early has a mortality rate of less than 5%. The standard short course treatment for tuberculosis comprises of Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol for two months, then Isoniazid and Rifampicin alone for a further four months. For latent tuberculosis, the standard treatment is six to nine months of Isoniazid alone. Drug regimens are abbreviated in a standardized manner. a). Streptomycin is STM or S b) Isoniazid is INH or H c) Rifampicin is RMP or R d) Ethambutol is EMB or E e) Pyrazinamide is PZA or Z. a)According to WHO norms, there are six classes of second line drugs that are used for the treatment of tuberculosis. A drug may be classified as second line instead of first line for one of two possible reasons; it may be less effective than the first line drugs or it may produce toxic side –effects. They are classified based on their chemical nucleus: Aminoglycosides – Amikacin and Kanamycin b)Polypeptides – Capreomycin c)Fluoroquinolones – Ciprofloxacin d)Thioamides – Ethionamide, Prothionamide and Cycloserine. e)Para-amino Salicylic acid. Tuberculosis has been treated by combination therapy over fifty years. Single drug treatment is ineffective and regimens that use only single drugs result in the rapid development of resistance and thus treatment results in failure. The rationale for using multiple drugs to treat tuberculosis is based on simple probability. The frequency of spontaneous mutations that confer resistance to an individual drug is well known: 1 in 10 7 for Ethambutol (EMB); 1 in 108 for streptomycin (STM) and Isoniazid (INH); 1 in 10 10 for Rifampicin (RMP). A patient with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis has approximately 10 12 bacteria in his body and therefore will probably be harbouring approximately 10 5 Ethambutol resistant bacteria, 10 4 Streptomycin resistant bacteria, 104 Isoniazid resistant bacteria and 102 Rifampicin resistant bacteria respectively. DOTS stands for ‘Directly Observed Therapy, Short course’ and is a major plank in the WHO global tuberculosis eradication programme. The WHO advises that all tuberculosis patients should have atleast the first two months of their drug therapy should be observed with the aid of observer within that society. DOTS is used with intermittent dosing – Thrice weekly (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol and Pyrazinamide) or twice weekly. The relative incidence of major adverse effects has been carefully described . a)Isoniazid – Hepatitis, Neuropathy – 0. 49%. )Rifampicin – Skin rash, Thrombocytopenia and Hepatitis – 0. 43 % c)Pyrazinamide – Skin rash and Hepatitis 1. 48 % d)Streptomycin – Vertigo 0. 43 % Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR and XDR – TB) Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as tuberculosis that is resistant at least to Isoniazid and Rifampicin isolates. In the year 2006 â€Å"Extensively- Dr ug Resistant Tuberculosis† (XDR-TB) has emerged and defined as multi drug resistant tuberculosis that is resistant to quinolones and also to any one of kanamycin, capreomycin or amikacin. A 1997 survey of 35 countries found that 2% of the tuberculosis populations are infected by drug – resistant tuberculosis. The highest rates were in USSR, The Baltic states, Argentina, India and China. In 2006, MDR –TB in New York city has been increased to 20-30%. Annual risk of mortality rates increases by 10-15%. There is currently an epidemic of XDR-TB in South Africa. The outbreak was first reported as a cluster of 53 patients in a rural hospital in Kwazulu –Natal of whom 52 died . The treatment and prognosis of MDR-TB are much more akin to that of cancer than to that for infection. In these aspects, molecular manipulation is a productive source of new drugs. This research work pertains to the modification of Schiff bases on isoniazid to explore the new drugs with a desire to obtain highly potent, more specific and less toxic drugs. In the foregoing literature retrieval, it had been observed that the drug design can be performed by molecular manipulation and resulting in new productive drugs. The biological study of natural products with medicinally useful property and some of the chemical structure and its analogs had furnished to lead compounds, and its variation in the biological behavior. The pre-existing tuberculosis had made a challenging effect of medicinal chemists resulting in the extreme drug resistance. The performance of molecular manipulation still existed in a major line approach for the discovery of new drug analogues. To synthesize a derivative, an intermediate step has to be performed and to proceed for the further molecular manipulation. Combination of two or more active moieties in to one is a common procedure of manipulation and this can be possibly result in augmenting the activity, removal of untoward side effects and particularly to prevent development of resistance by the infectious microorganisms. Abundant literature support were available with regard to the study of Schiff bases as potent antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, antiviral and anticancer perspectives. Schiff bases were the intermediate for the synthesis of azetidine -2 4- ones, thiazolidine -2 4- ones, triazoles tetrazoles. It was interesting to observe that some analogues of Schiff bases were combined with other moieties like phenothiazines,hydrazines and some hydrazide derivatives of carboxylic acid resulting in a better performance in their respective biological activities. Hence, it was our interest to associate the Schiff bases with the primary drug isoniazid. Since Isoniazid is a well known antitubercular drug. As a vast number of reports were been available regarding the antitubercular perspectives of the isoniazid, there is still lacuna existing in the study of Schiff bases in the multi drug and extremely drug resistant M. tb strains. This study will full fill the properties of Schiff bases relevant to the prevailing drug resistant tuberculosis. Biological activities of Schiff bases Schiff bases are of interest and its important moiety which is associated with biological activity. Initially, most of the research program has been conducted to explore the antimicrobial perspectives of Schiff base derivatives. Based on the intermediate Schiff base various molecular manipulation were attempted to investigate and discover an effective antibacterials, antifungals antiviral agents. In this preview of literature the various activities of Schiff bases pertaining to antibacterial perspectives has been studied. 1. Hearn et. al. , 2003 7 performed enzymatic acylation of the antitubercular isoniazid (INH) by N-acetyl transferases reduces therapeutic effectiveness of the drug. Since it dealt with the major metabolic pathway for INH in human beings, many of these derivatives were prepared and screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mice. They conclude the structural cogners of metabolites of INH may serve as significant leads in antitubercular drug discovery and in the exploration of the mode of action of INH. 2. Tarek Aboul fadi et. al. , 2003 8 had synthesized N- alkyl derivative of INH and the Pharmacokinetic studies were been carried out in the bovine and sensitive strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that the rate and extent absorption of the tested derivatives. They show relative bioavailability of 183. 15 and 443. 25 respectively. 3. Sultana et. al. , 2007 9 studied the synthesis of hydrazones. The study afforded to the hitherto unreported 1-(4-chloro benzylidene) – hydrazinophthalazine, 1- nitrobenzylidene hydrazine phthalazine. , 3-(4-Chlorophenyl) –S-Triazolo (3,4-a) phthalazine. These structures were confirmed by spectroscopic techniques – IR, UV, H-NMR, EIMS, FD HRMS. Anti hypertensive activity were been evaluated. 4. Koussi and Abdel rahman. , 2006 10 illustrated certain novel Schiff bases of 4- methyl-1,2,4 –triazole -3-mercaptoacetic acid hydrazide were synthesized and their chemical identities were elucidated by elemental analyses. IR, H-NMR,13- C-NMR and mass spectral data. The percentage of the geometrical isomers was elucidated using the 1-H NMR. The synthesized compounds were selected for screening at the tuberculosis antimicrobial acquisition and co-ordination facility against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37RV strain in which they showed moderate activity at a concentration of 625 mg/mL. . Jiang et. al. , 2003 11 studied the series of chemically modified aryl- aldehyde Schiff bases has been synthesized and tested for their antioxidant activity and radiation protection. It was observed that disulfide –containing aryl –aldehyde schiff base exhibited potent free radical scavenging, antioxidation and radioprotective activities. 6. Pandeya et. al. ,1999 12 synthesized antib acterial, antifungal and anti human immunodeficiency virus activities of Schiff and Mannich bases derived from isatin derivatives and N – (4-(4’ chlorophenyl) thiazolyl thiosemi carbazide. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of compounds was done by agar dilution method. 7. Jayasekar et. al. , 1997 13 synthesized the Schiff bases of mesalazine and studied the anti inflammatory activity. The inhibition shows about 50-60% of the potency of the drug. In the present study, we had investigated certain Schiff base derivatives modified from isoniazid and it has screened for Extreme drug-resistant and Multidrug resistant tuberculosis strain procured from the patients suffering from tuberculosis. Bibilography: 1. Rothschild, B. , Martin, L. , Bercovier, L. G. , Gal, B. G. , Blatt, G. C. , Donoghue, H. , Spigelman, M and Brittain, D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present. Clin. Infect. Dis. 30(3) : 305-311 ( 2001). 2. Pearce-Duvet, J. The origin of human pathogens evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 31(3) : 369-382 (2006). 3. Koch, R. Die Aetiolgieder Tuberculosis. Berliner Klinsche Wochenschrift. 19 : 221-230 (1882). 4. Wells, A. Q. The Murine type of tubercle bacillus : Medical Research Council Special Report No. 259. HMSO, London (1946). 5. Mark Spigelman, 2008. Excavated Jericho Bones may help Israeli- Plaestinian – German team to combat tuberculosis. News release, Feb 29, (2008): 1-5. 6. Steingart,K. , Henry,M. , Pasval,G. , Avery,T. O and Lyall, W. H. Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis : a systematic review. Lancet. Infect. Dis. 6 : 570-571 (2006). 7. Michael J Hearn, Michael H Cynamon. Design and synthesis of antituberculars: preparation and evaluation against Mycobacterium tuberculosis of an isoniazid Schiff base. Journal of Anti Microb. Chemotherapy. 53(2):185-191 (2004). . Tarek Aboul-Fadl, Faragany Abdel-Hamid Mohammed, Ehsan Abdel-Saboor Hassan. Synthesis, antitubercular activity and pharmacokinetic studies of some Schiff bases derived from 1-alkylisatin and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH). ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH , 26(10):778-784 ( 2003 ). 9. Sultana-N; Sarfaraz-TB; Nelofar-A; Hussain-SA. Potential antibacterial agents: Part VI Syn thesis and structure elucidation of schiff bases derived from hydralazine. Pak-J-Sci-Ind-Resch (Pakistan-Journal-of-Scientific-and-Industrial-Research); 50(3); 169-172 (2007). 10. El-Koussi-NA; Abdel-Rahman-HM . Novel 1,2,4-triazole-3-mercaptoacetic acid derivatives as potential antimycobacterial and antimicrobial agents. Bull-Pharm-Sci-Assiut-Univ (Bulletin-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 29(Part 1); 127-136 (2006). 11. Jiang-JJ; Chang-TC; Hsu-WF; Hwang-JM; Hsu-LY. Synthesis and biological activity of sulfur-containing aryl-aldehyde Schiff bases. Chem-Pharm-Bull (Chemical-and-Pharmaceutical-Bulletin); 51(11); 1307-1310 (2003). 12. Pandeya-SN; Sriram-D; Nath-G; De-Clercq-E. Synthesis, antibacterial, antifungal and anti HIV activity of Schiff and Mannich bases of isatin with N-(6-chlorobenzothiazol-2-yl) thiosemicarbazide. Indian-J-Pharm-Sci (Indian-Journal-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 61(6); 358-361 (1999). 13. Jayasekhar-P; Rao-SB; Santhakumari-G. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of Schiff bases of mesalazine. Indian-J-Pharm-Sci (Indian-Journal-of-Pharmaceutical-Sciences); 59(1); 8-12 (1997). 14. Mcomia ; Protective group in Organic chemistry. P-66. 15. Trivedi,P. , Undavia,N. K. ,Dave, A. M. , Bhatt,K. N and Desai ,N. C. Indian Journal of Chem . , Vol 32B(7) : 760-765 ( 1993). 16. Divakar, C. M and Nair, G. R. N. Antiulcer, antibacterial and spermicidal activities of Salanin. Indian Drugs. 38(2): 629-932 (2001).

I Have No Idea What Im Doing at Work

I Have No Idea What Im Doing at Work You’ve been in your job for a little (or a long while) while, and it started out pretty well. You were accomplishing things left and right, learning the ropes. All was well. Then, maybe, there was a new process introduced, or you were given more, somewhat ambiguous responsibilities. Because you were doing so well before, you didn’t even think twice about it†¦ until it became too late to ask someone, â€Å"What am I supposed to be doing, again?† Or until things started to go wrong. By then, the panic sets in. What am I supposed to do now? I have no idea what I’m doing. Feeling like you have no idea what you’re doing, or that you’re irrevocably screwing up, is not an uncommon one. Everyone has had a moment- or a period of time- where they feel like they’re in over their heads. Anyone who claims they haven’t had that is either fibbing, or long overdue for a wakeup call. But just because everyone feels overwhelmed by tasks some times doesn’t mean you have to endure it or let things spiral out of control.Am I An Impostor?â€Å"Impostor syndrome† is the nagging feeling that although you have made it to a certain point, you’re not competent or smart enough to have made it to that point- that you stumbled into your job and your achievements accidentally. This kind of self-doubt is fairly common, especially at work. When things start to feel overwhelming, it can be natural to look for someone to blame- and who’s more accessible than yourself? That self doubt can lead to anxiety about being â€Å"found out† by others, who are every bit as competent and smooth as they appear to be.For more on impostor syndrome:  So how do you cope when these feelings set in? Let’s look at some strategies for what you can do if it’s happening to you at work.1. Understand that you’re not alone.If you’ve messed up on a project or feel like you have no idea what youâ₠¬â„¢re doing, it can feel like the spotlight is trained right on you and your comedy of errors. This will not be helped by the coworker who happens to be killing it right now- getting everything right, pulling down praise, and making it all look so easy. What you need to remember is that at one point, you were that coworker getting things right. And you will be again, too. Plus, Mr. Overachiever will have his bad days as well.Nobody has every part of their job nailed down all the time- if you do, then that might actually be a bad sign, professionally. Everyone’s too busy worrying about their own stuff to judge you. And think about it this way: as hard as you work to keep your uncertainty and feelings of failure from others, you can assume they’re doing the same.2. Don’t panic.The realization that you don’t know what you’re supposed to be doing, or how to fix that, is a scary one. Don’t let it panic you, because panic leads to chronic second- guessing yourself, which distracts you from what actually needs to be done. It can also scare you away from finding logical solutions to your situation and make things even worse.When you feel the downward confidence spiral start, it’s important to recognize that you feel helpless. Once you acknowledge that, you can try to take a step away and work out how to resolve the problem. If you let it go unchecked, you could keep piling mistakes upon mistakes (possibly endangering your job), or get so frustrated that you quit before you know whether you could have fixed things. Neither of these is a combination that leads to professional success or satisfaction. So acknowledging that overwhelming feeling is the most important step, because it can help stop the negative spiral.3. See it as a challenge, not a dealbreaker.While you’re stuck in â€Å"I have no idea what I’m doing† misery, it can be easy to forget that this is an obstacle, not the end of your career. An obstacle is something you can get around. And unless you’re a brain surgeon who finds herself in the operating room after having skipped all of the relevant classes on how to operate, no one will die because you are unsure of what you’re supposed to be doing.4. Fake it ‘til you make it.Mind you, this is not a long-term solution- if you don’t understand what’s going on and don’t do anything to resolve that, eventually someone else will catch on, fulfilling your impostor syndrome doomsday scenario. But if you’re feeling unsure of what you need to do or how to do it, or you know you’ll need more time to figure things out, it’s okay to stall a little. Negotiate a deadline. Use a vague, â€Å"I’m on it†-type confirmation. You don’t need to announce to everyone that you don’t have the first clue what you should do next; you can buy yourself some time to work out your next steps.5. Admit it:  "I don’t know.†If everyone could do everything without guidance, no one would have a manager. Part of your boss’s job is to make sure that you have everything you need to do your own job. While you may be afraid to acknowledge that you don’t know what you’re doing, thinking that your boss will lose confidence in you or worse, it’s important to see your boss as a resource.True, saying, â€Å"I have no idea what I’m doing† will not breed confidence, but you can frame it differently. Try, â€Å"I’m working on X, but I just need some clarification about the best approach. Can we talk through this?† More likely than not, your boss will appreciate your openness and your desire to work through a situation that’s challenging to you. He or she will also appreciate that you’re taking proactive steps to do things better. This isn’t a â€Å"gotcha† game; your boss is invested in you doing a good job .6. Find an ally.If you don’t feel comfortable taking your concerns to your boss or feel like it’s too late to play the â€Å"I just don’t know† card, try finding someone else who can help. Is your colleague a whiz at Excel who  can teach you some tricks to get the info you need? Ask her. Is the person working next to you familiar with how to process orders? Pick his brain. Not only is your buddy’s information likely to help you fill in any gaps, but just talking it out can be useful. You may very well know more than you think you do, and a conversation on the topic might help you make connections that you didn’t realize were there. Plus, it helps with the â€Å"hey, maybe I’m not in this alone† factor.There are some caveats here, though. You don’t want your chosen buddy to feel like they’re doing your job for you. Make sure they’re not busy with their own tasks when you want to talk. Also, don’t p ing them constantly with questions, emails, or sit-down conversations. If you are really lost, try to limit your queries to one or two big ones per day, and try to do whatever you can to follow up and track down additional information on your own.7. Ask specific questions.Try to avoid a panicky, â€Å"What do I do?† Make sure your questions are specific enough to help you get to an answer. (â€Å"Why me?† is never going to be helpful either, trust me. I’ve tried it.) You want your asks to be constructive. Make sure you’ve identified the task or the goal, and what you think are the steps to get there- or at least the next steps. It’s okay to be wrong†¦ that’s why you’re asking questions! But it’s important to have a base of what you think should be happening, if only so that you can correct those assumptions and replace them with correct information as you find it.Here are some examples of specific questions:Is this urgent? What is the timeline? What do I need to achieve as an end result?What step do I think I need to take next?These questions can help you figure out how much space you have to figure things out on your own- or if it’s urgent, whether you need to swallow your pride and get someone for emergency help. You’re likely to get better responses from people if you say, â€Å"Here’s what I believe needs to happen here- can you confirm?† as opposed to, â€Å"Tell me everything I need to do.†8. Check in with others.If you’ve gotten to the point where you feel like you have no clue what’s going on or what you’re supposed to do next, there was a miscommunication somewhere along the line. Either things weren’t communicated fully to you, or you didn’t make it clear that you didn’t understand everything that needed to happen. Either way, there’s no point in dwelling on mistakes or bad communication. All you can do is ma ke sure that moving forward, everyone’s on the same page.This might mean having brief meetings with everyone else involved in a project to make sure that you know what they’re doing, they know what you’re doing, and everyone understands The Plan. It might also just be a regular 10-minute chat with your boss (say, daily or weekly, depending on the timeline and urgency) to say, â€Å"Hey, here’s what I’ve done, here’s how I plan to handle it moving forward, am I heading in the right direction?† This regular, outside feedback can prevent you from feeling totally lost and adrift on your own.These strategies can help you get through that panic moment, breathe again, and figure out how to fill in your knowledge gaps. And once you’ve stopped feeling like an impostor and worked out your battle plan for understanding what you need to do and then accomplishing it, you’ve overcome a challenge that can become a source of pride in yo ur next job interview.However, if you find that you’re often in the position of not knowing what to do or how to do your job, it may be time to consider that you’re not in the right job. This is not to say that you definitely can’t do the job, but rather that the skills and demands are a little too far outside your comfort zone and interest level. You want your job to be challenging, sure, but if it’s all challenges and stress, is this really something you want to be doing for the next year? Five years? Ten years? Constantly feeling confused and overwhelmed might be a big sign that you should find something that fits your skills better.Your career should be about overcoming challenges, and not letting setbacks blow your confidence in your abilities. Even when things seem bleak, you’ve got the tools to work it out. You’re not an impostor, and you’ve got this!